The biodegradable battery

The fabrication device for the battery revolution looks quite unconspicuous: It is a modified, commercially available 3D printer, located in a room in the Empa laboratory building. But the real innovation lies within the recipe for the gelatinous inks this printer can dispense onto a surface. The mixture in question consists of cellulose nanofibers and cellulose Nano crystallites, plus carbon in the form of carbon black, graphite and activated carbon. To liquefy all this, the researchers use glycerin, water and two different types of alcohol. Plus a pinch of table salt for ionic conductivity.

A sandwich of four layers

To build a functioning supercapacitor from these ingredients, four layers are needed, all flowing out of the 3D printer one after the other: a flexible substrate, a conductive layer, the electrode and finally the electrolyte. The whole thing is then folded up like a sandwich, with the electrolyte in the center.

What emerges is an ecological miracle. The mini-capacitor from the lab can store electricity for hours and can already power a small digital clock. It can withstand thousands of charge and discharge cycles and years of storage, even in freezing temperatures, and is resistant to pressure and shock.

Biodegradable power supply

Best of all, though, when you no longer need it, you could toss it in the compost or simply leave it in nature. After two months, the capacitor will have disintegrated, leaving only a few visible carbon particles. The researchers have already tried this, too.

"It sounds quite simple, but it wasn't at all," says Xavier Aeby of Empa's Cellulose & Wood Materials lab. It took an extended series of tests until all the parameters were right, until all the components flowed reliably from the printer and the capacitor worked. Says Aeby: "As researchers, we don't want to just fiddle about, we also want to understand what's happening inside our materials."

Together with his supervisor, Gustav Nyström, Aeby developed and implemented the concept of a biodegradable electricity storage device. Aeby studied microsystems engineering at EPFL and came to Empa for his doctorate. Nyström and his team have been investigating functional gels based on nanocellulose for some time. The material is not only an environmentally friendly, renewable raw material, but its internal chemistry makes it extremely versatile. "The project of a biodegradable electricity storage system has been close to my heart for a long time," Nyström says. "We applied for Empa internal funding with our project, Printed Paper Batteries, and were able to start our activities with this funding. Now we have achieved our first goal."

Application in the Internet of Things

The supercapacitor could soon become a key component for the Internet of Things, Nyström and Aeby expect. "In the future, such capacitors could be briefly charged using an electromagnetic field, for example, then they could provide power for a sensor or a microtransmitter for hours." This could be used, for instance, to check the contents of individual packages during shipping. Powering sensors in environmental monitoring or agriculture is also conceivable -- there's no need to collect these batteries again, as they could be left in nature to degrade.

The number of electronic microdevices will also be increasing due to a much more widespread use of near-patient laboratory diagnostics ("point of care testing"), which is currently booming. Small test devices for use at the bedside or self-testing devices for diabetics are among them. "A disposable cellulose capacitor could also be well suited for these applications," says Gustav Nyström.

Story Source:

Materials provided by Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA). Original written by Rainer Klose. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Five trends that will dominate Indian power sector in 2021

While power demand is expected to slowly limp back to high-single digits in tandem with GDP growth, several over-arching fundamental trends are expected to drive the sector's transformation in 2021.

New Delhi: 2021 promises to be a year of hope and optimism. Despite the challenges of ill-fated 2020, current backdrop of recovery in global sentiment, bounce back in local demand, ample liquidity and favorable oil prices provides a supportive launchpad for India to lead the journey of economic recovery in 2021. One sector which is expected to play a crucial role in this recovery is the Indian power sector.

In the wake of the challenges of a global pandemic, nationwide lockdown, unprecedented collapse in country’s economic activity and GDP, 2020 has also left behind a lot of learnings. The world as we know it has changed and with it has emerged a new perspective to face challenges by constantly evolving and pre-empting the changing need of the consumers and businesses. While the power demand is expected to slowly limp back to high-single digits in tandem with GDP growth, several over-arching fundamental trends are expected to drive the sector transformation in 2021:

1.Technology: The catalyst

Historically, Indian power sector has been characterized by power-cuts, economic losses, system inefficiencies and archaic last mile networks. While the sector has been undergoing an overhaul over the last few years, the coronavirus pandemic underscored the need of accelerated technological upgradation. Going forward, the focus on implementation of smart technologies like an evolved grid system, smart metering, digital asset management will help transform the seemingly traditional, manpower-heavy sector into a smarter, more efficient power system with each element in the value chain re-imagining their processes and streamlining infrastructure.

2.Green Energy: The way forward

Renewable energy is expected to form 70% of fresh capacity expansion expected over the next 5 years. This would help achieve India’s commitment to increase renewable share in total generation to 40% by fiscal 2030 from current 25% as part of the Paris climate deal. According to International Energy Agency (IEA), India would be the largest contributor to the renewable upswing in 2021, and the country’s annual additions are expected to double in 2021 compared to 2020. Strong government focus which is evident from the fiscal and regulatory incentives, viability gap funding and execution support in terms of land and evacuation infrastructure is expected to support this upswing. Apart from the support for setting up new capacities, the government has lent significant comfort to private investors by ensuring better payment security mechanism and enforcement of signed PPAs to avoid tariff-related disputes. While most of the upcoming PPAs under the central level schemes have at least two layered payment mechanisms (i.e. letter of credit and payment security funds), going forward with the finalization of competitive bidding guidelines by MNRE, even state nodal agencies and discoms will have to keep provisions for dual payment security mechanism. Additionally, the improved availability of low-cost finance will fuel the capacity addition and help sustain the private sector interest. Sizeable investments are also expected in improving the energy storage solutions and dynamic load management which would help in maintaining constant generation, thereby producing a smooth generation curve and reducing a sharp ramp–up or ramp-down for other plants connected to the grid.

3.Transmission: The missing link

Historically, a lion's share of investment in power sector has flown into adding generation capacities. But in order to ensure reliable and uninterrupted flow of electricity, every megawatt of new generation capacity needs to be matched with a certain transformation capacity added to the system. Going forward, significant development in the transmission sector would be triggered by the aggressive renewable expansion plans. Large scale grid connected solar and wind plants are usually located in the far-flung areas, where there is limited existing transmission infrastructure. Renewable power generating companies have urged for adequate grid availability in the past. This will urgently need an expansion of grid connectivity in the next two years to be able to accomplish the renewable energy target. Furthermore, rising private sector participation with favourable risk-return profile of transmission projects will also support growth in transmission sector in India. With the renewed government focus on alleviating congestion, providing reliable power to all and strengthening inter-regional grid availability, transmission capacities are expected to grow at a robust pace in 2021.

4.Private participation : The fuel for future growth

Over the last few months, we have witnessed a liquidity glut across major economies on the back of fiscal support by central banks. This liquidity is chasing returns and higher yields which augments well for India as India has managed to recoil from the shock of coranavirus faster than other country. This, coupled with the under-penetration, favourable demographic and govt's atmanirbhar push puts India firmly on an accelerated growth plan and makes India a compelling investment opportunity for foreign capital hungry for growth. A huge amount of this foreign capital is expected to flow into Indian infrastructure sector. One mode which is expected to facilitate this flow is InvITs and REITs.

5. Policy reforms: Unfinished business

Over the last few years, Indian power sector has undergone a significant transformation that has redefined the industry outlook through path-breaking policy initiatives like UDAY, Power for All, UJALA, among others. While discoms reforms have achieved limited financial success, recent policy reforms like payment security mechanism, power-cut penalization, Electricity Amendment Bill will go a long way in bringing in efficiencies into the sector. India has already kick-started the process of privatization of its power distribution territories in the union territories (UTs), with bids being called for purchase of entire 100% stake in the Chandigarh discom. But going forward, a similar privatization drive for state transmission companies should be undertaken to free-up government capital and allow parity with industry efficiency. The government may also want to re-initiate discussions around “carriage and content separation” which would effectively allow end-consumers to choose who they want to buy electricity from, similar to the way telecom operators work. This would usher in competition, forcing discoms to improve their performance standards, and adopt a more consumer-centric approach rather than remain geographical monopolies.

[This piece was authored by Harsh Shah, Chief Executive Officer, IndiGrid]

Source :ETenergyworld

2022-23 to be golden period for global EV industry

As per Frost and Sullivan, 2022-23 will be the golden period for EVs with the number of launches increasing significantly and battery prices coming down which would provide a very vital impetus to the growth of the global EV industry.

By 2025, 30-35 percent of sales are expected to be electric which includes mild hybrid, full hybrids, plug-in, and battery. In terms of battery electric vehicles, about 10-12 percent of global sales will be fully electric.

Its  said that the mild hybrid systems especially 12Volt systems, 48Volt systems, and 12+12 volt systems could be very attractive options for markets like China and India, especially in the small-to-medium segment.

Infographic: Understanding the Impact of Power Quality

Courtesy : schneider

Electrical Drive - Advantages & Disadvantages

The system which is used for controlling the motion of an electrical machine, such type of system is called an electrical drive. In other words, the drive which uses the electric motor is called electrical drive. The electrical drive uses any of the prime movers like diesel or a petrol engine, gas or steam turbines, steam engines, hydraulic motors and electrical motors as a primary source of energy. This prime mover supplies the mechanical energy to the drive for motion control.

The block diagram of the electrical drive is shown in the figure below. The electrical load like fans, pumps, trains, etc., consists the electrical motor. The requirement of an electrical load is determined regarding speed and torque. The motor which suited the capabilities of the load is chosen for the load drive.

Parts of Electrical Drive

The main parts of the electrical drives are power modulator, motor, controlling unit and sensing units.Their parts are explained below in details.

Power Modulator – The power modulator regulates the output power of the source. It controls the power from the source to the motor in such a manner that motor transmits the speed-torque characteristic required by the load. During the transient operations like starting, braking and speed reversing the excessive current drawn from the source. This excessive current drawn from the source may overload it or may cause a voltage drop. Hence the power modulator restricts the source and motor current.

The power modulator converts the energy according to the requirement of the motor e.g. if the source is DC and an induction motor is used then power modulator convert DC into AC. It also selects the mode of operation of the motor, i.e., motoring or braking.

Control Unit – The control unit controls the power modulator which operates at small voltage and power levels. The control unit also operates the power modulator as desired. It also generates the commands for the protection of power modulator and motor. An input command signal which adjusts the operating point of the drive, from an input to the control unit.

Sensing Unit – It senses the certain drive parameter like motor current and speed. It mainly required either for protection or for closed loop operation.

Advantages of Electrical Drive

Application of Electric Drive

It is used in a large number of industrial and domestic applications like transportation systems, rolling mills, paper machines, textile mills, machine tools, fans, pumps, robots and washing, etc.

The following are the advantages of electrical drive.

1. The electric drive has very large range of torque, speed and power.
2. Their working is independent of the environmental condition.
3. The electric drives are free from pollution.
4. The electric drives operate on all the quadrants of speed torque plane.
5. The drive can easily be started and it does not require any refueling.
6. The efficiency of the drives is high because fewer losses occur on it.

The electric drives have many advantages shown above. 

Because of the following advantages, the mechanical energy already available from a non-electrical prime mover is sometimes first converted into electrical energy by a generator and back to a mechanical energy of an electrical motor. Electrical link thus provides between the non-electrical prime mover and the load impact to the drive flexible control characteristic.

For example – The diesel locomotive produces the diesel energy by the help of the diesel engine. The mechanical energy is converted into an electrical energy by the help of the generator. This electrical energy is used for driving the other locomotive.

Disadvantages of Electrical Drive

The power failure completely disabled the whole of the system.

1. The application of the drive is limited because it cannot use in a place where the power supply is not available.
2. It can cause noise pollution.
3. The initial cost of the system is high.
4. It has a poor dynamic response.
5. The output power obtained from the drive is low.
6. During the breakdown of conductors or short circuit, the system may get damaged due to which several problems occur.
7. Harmonics 

The only main disadvantage of the drive is that sometimes the mechanical energy produced by the prime mover is first converted into electrical energy and then into a mechanical work by the help of the motor. This can be done by the help of the electrical link which is associated with the prime mover and the load.

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Effects Arises due to Voltage Unbalance

Unbalanced systems indicate the existence of a negative sequence that is harmful to all poly phase loads, especially three-phase induction machines.

The main effect of voltage unbalance is motor damage from excessive heat. Voltage unbalance can create a current unbalance 6 to 10 times the magnitude of voltage unbalance. In turn, current unbalance produces heat in the motor windings that degrades motor insulation causing cumulative and permanent damage to the motor. 

This scenario would result to expensive facility downtime due to motor failures.

The graph below shows the relationship between voltage unbalance and temperature rise, which approximately increases by twice the square of the percent of voltage unbalance.

1. Increased current loading and losses in the network.
2. With equal load power the phase currents can attain 2 to 3 times the value, the losses 2 to 6 times the value. It is then only possible to load lines and transformers with half or one third of their rated power.
3. Increased losses and vibration moments in electrical machinery.
4. The field built up by the negative sequence component of the currents runs against the phase sequence of the rotor and therefore induces currents in it, which lead to increased thermal loading.
5. Rectifiers and inverters react to unbalance in the power supply with uncharacteristic harmonic currents.
6. In three-phase systems with star connection, current flows through the neutral conductor.

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Basics of Voltage Unbalance - Causes & Sources

The electrical power issues that most frequently affect industrial plants include voltage sags and swells, harmonics, transients, and voltage and current unbalance.

Voltage Unbalance (or Imbalance) is defined by IEEE as the ratio of the negative or zero sequence component to the positive sequence component. In simple terms, it is a voltage variation in a power system in which the voltage magnitudes or the phase angle differences between them are not equal. It follows that this power quality problem affects only poly phase systems (e.g. three-phase).

Voltages are rarely exactly balanced between phases. However, when voltage unbalance becomes excessive, it can create problems for poly phase motors and other loads. Moreover, adjustable speed drives (ASD) can be even more sensitive than standard motors.

Voltage unbalance is primarily due to unequal loads on distribution lines or within a facility. In other words, the negative or zero sequence voltages in a power system typically result from unbalanced loads causing negative or zero sequence currents to flow.

In a balanced three-phase system, the phase voltages should be equal or very close to equal. Unbalance is a measurement of the inequality of the phase voltages. Voltage unbalance is the measure of voltage differences between the phases of a three-phase system. It degrades the performance and shortens the life of three-phase motors.

Effects of Unbalance

Voltage unbalance can cause three-phase motors and other three-phase loads to experience poor performance or premature failure because of the following:

• Mechanical stresses in motors due to lower than normal torque output.
• Higher than normal current in motors and three-phase rectifiers.
• Unbalance current will flow in neutral conductors in three-phase systems.

Voltage unbalance at the motor terminals causes high current unbalance, which can be six to 10 times as large as the voltage unbalance. Unbalanced currents lead to torque pulsation, increased vibration and mechanical stress, increased losses, and motor overheating. Voltage and current unbalances could also indicate maintenance issues such as loose connections and worn contacts.

Unbalance can occur at any point throughout the distribution system.Loads should be equally divided across each phase of a panel board. Should one phase become too heavily loaded in comparison to others, voltage will be lower on that phase. Transformers and three-phase motors fed from that panel may run hotter, be unusually noisy, vibrate excessively, and even suffer premature failure.

How measure unbalance

You can make some basic phase-to-phase voltage unbalance measurements using a high-quality Digital Multi Meter and phase-to-phase current unbalance using a high-quality clamp meter. Accurate, real-time unbalance measurements need a three-phase power quality analyzer to enable solving unbalance problems. Open circuits and single-phase to ground faults are easier to correct than load balancing, which typically requires corrective system-level design changes..

In reality, voltage differences between phases vary as loads operate. However, motor or transformer overheating, or excessive noise or vibration, can merit troubleshooting for voltage unbalance. Monitoring over time is the key to capturing unbalance. In a three-phase system, the maximum variation in voltage between phases should be no more than 2 percent (the V neg % value on the analyzer), or significant equipment damage can occur.

Causes & Sources

General

The utility can be the source of unbalanced voltages due to malfunctioning equipment, including blown capacitor fuses, open-delta regulators, and open-delta transformers. Open-delta equipment can be more susceptible to voltage unbalance than closed-delta since they only utilize two phases to perform their transformations.  

Also, voltage unbalance can also be caused by uneven single-phase load distribution among the three phases - the likely culprit for a voltage unbalance of less than 2%. Furthermore, severe cases (greater than 5%) can be attributed to single-phasing in the utility’s distribution lateral feeders because of a blown fuse due to fault or overloading on one phase.

Motors

The facility housing the motor can also create unbalanced voltages even if the utility supplied voltages are well balanced. Again, this could be caused by malfunctioning equipment or even mismatched transformer taps and impedance. Similar to the utility, poor load distribution within the facility can create voltage unbalance issues.

The motor itself can also be the source of voltage unbalance. Resistive and inductive unbalances within the motor equipment lead to unbalanced voltages and currents. Defects in the power circuit connections, the motor contacts, or the rotor and stator windings, can all cause irregular impedances between phases in the motor that lead to unbalanced conditions.

References:

ANSI C84.1-2006

Dugan, R., McGranaghan, M., Santoso, S., and Beaty, H.W. (2004). Electrical Power Systems Quality (2^nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

IEEE 1159-1995. Recommended Practice For Monitoring Electric Power Quality.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Publication No. MG 1-1998 Motors and Generators

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Electrical Enclosure IP Ratings - what they mean?

IP Ratings (Ingress Protection)

A two-digit number established by the International Electro Technical Commission, is used to provide an Ingress Protection rating to a piece of electronic equipment or to an enclosure for electronic equipment.

IP	6	8
“Ingress Protection”	First Digit: Solids Protection	Second Digit: Liquids Protection

The protection class after EN60529 are indicated by short symbols that consist of the two code letters IP and a code numeral for the amount of the protection.

Example: IP65 

The two digits represent different forms of environmental influence:

 • The first digit represents protection against ingress of solid objects.

 • The second digit represents protection against ingress of liquids.

The larger the value of each digit, the greater the protection. As an example, a product rated IP54 would be better protected against environmental factors than another similar product rated as IP42.

IP TABLE:

IP..	First digit: Ingress of solid objects	Second digit: Ingress of liquids
0	No protection	No protection
1	Protected against solid objects over 50mm e.g. hands, large tools.	Protected against vertically falling drops of water or condensation.
2	Protected against solid objects over 12.5mm e.g. hands, large tools.	Protected against falling drops of water, if the case is disposed up to 15 from vertical.
3	Protected against solid objects over 2.5mm e.g. wire, small tools.	Protected against sprays of water from any direction, even if the case is disposed up to 60 from vertical.
4	Protected against solid objects over 1.0mm e.g. wires.	Protected against splash water from any direction.
5	Limited protection against dust ingress. (no harmful deposit)	Protected against low pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted.
6	Totally protected against dust ingress.	Protected against high pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted.
7	N/A	Protected against short periods of immersion in water.
8	N/A	Protected against long, durable periods of immersion in water.
9k	N/A	Protected against close-range high pressure, high temperature spray downs.

IP protection of the PIP:

A PIP in the standard PIP housing is generally IP51 protected. Higher IP protection level with the standard PIP housing (up to IP54) can be reached with good positioning / orientation of the PIP. In other special PIP-housings, like a MIL-housing up to IP67 protection is possible.

IP protection of the PANEL-PIP:

The PANEL-PIP is available in various housings. Those allow a protection level of up to all around IP65.

Range

While we cover a huge range of electrical enclosures, our most common IP ratings are probably 65, 66, 67 and 68. So for quick reference, these are defined below:

• IP65 Enclosure - IP rated as "dust tight" and protected against water projected from a nozzle.
• IP66 Enclosure - IP rated as "dust tight" and protected against heavy seas or powerful jets of water.
• IP 67 Enclosures - IP rated as "dust tight" and protected against immersion.
• IP 68 Enclosures - IP rated as "dust tight" and protected against complete, continuous submersion in water.

IGBT & Its Application in Power Quality

An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily used as an electronic switch which, as it was developed, came to combine high efficiency and fast switching. 

It consists of four alternating layers (P-N-P-N) that are controlled by a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) gate structure without regenerative action. Although the structure of the IGBT is topologically the same as a thyristor with a 'MOS' gate (MOS gate thyristor), the thyristor action is completely suppressed and only the transistor action is permitted in the entire device operation range. It switches electric power in many applications: variable-frequency drives (VFDs), electric cars, trains, variable speed refrigerators, lamp ballasts, air-conditioners and even stereo systems with switching amplifiers.

IGBT comparison table [1]
Device characteristic	Power bipolar	Power MOSFET	IGBT
Voltage rating	High <1kV	High <1kV	Very high >1kV
Current rating	High <500A	High > 500A	High >500A
Input drive	Current ratio hFE 20-200	Voltage VGS 3-10V	Voltage VGE 4-8V
Input impedance	Low	High	High
Output impedance	Low	Medium	Low
Switching speed	Slow (µs)	Fast (ns)	Medium
Cost	Low	Medium	High

IGBT Applications: Industrial

IGBT industrial applications are due to their use in driving motors. Availability of the IGBT in the early 1980s enabled development of cost-effective ASDs (Adjustable speed drives) for motors. These drives reduce energy consumption by more than 40%. Two-thirds of the electricity in the world is used to run motors, so IGBT technology has had a huge impact on energy consumption. 

These applications include:

Industrial Motor Drives

Adjustable Speed Drives for Motor Control

Pulse Width Modulated ASD

Factory Automation

Robotics

Welding

Induction Heating

Milling and Drilling Machines

Metal and Paper Mills

Electrostatic Precipitators

Textile Mills

Mining and Excavation

IGBT Optimization for Industrial Applications

IGBT Technology in Power Quality World

The versatile and adaptive design possibility of the IGBT system in all the areas where Power Quality is a mandatory requirement such as, 

• Power Factor Improvement using Static Condenser(AVG) using IGBT Technology
• Harmonics Mitigation by Active Harmonic Mitigator (AHM) - Voltage Source Converter using IGBT Technology
• Unbalance Compensation(AUG) (Negative Sequence) using IGBT Technology
• Active Front End DRIVES using IGBT Technology 
• Active Front End UPS (Uninterrupted Power  Supply) using IGBT Technology
• Voltage Dip/Sag & Surge Protection using IGBT Technology(Series Compensation)
• Industrial Power Automation solutions for Power Supplies using IGBT Technology
• Special DRIVES for LOCO applications using IGBT  Technology
• High Frequency and Higher Power Quality conversions for AVIATION Applications

And many more..

Conclusion

From the Power Factor improvement and Drive application to Voltage Dip / Surge correction, the IGBT Technology has it all. India is focusing on a Better Power Quality more than any other country in the world currently. 

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Energy Performance Standards & Labelling - India

The Energy Conservation Act of 2001 provides the basis for India’s standards and labelling program.This legislation established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), and an Energy Conservation Fund.The legislation enables the provision of the introduction of mandatory labels and standards. This allowed an energy labelling program to be developed in India, which began in 2006 with standards followed shortly afterward. Both of these programs are administered by BEE. The Indian Pollution Control board also runs an eco-label program. 

Energy Performance Standards - India 

India has introduced voluntary Energy Performance Standards for refrigerators, room air conditioners, fluorescent lamps and distribution transformers. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) administers standards in India, with the requirements specified in the relevant product standards.

The BIS, and the Indian Institute for Technology, both have test laboratory capable of testing energy efficiency. Manufacturers adopting voluntary standards and claiming compliance with the Indian Standard are subject to compliance inspections. Energy Performance Standards for chillers,agricultural pump sets, industrial fans and pumps are currently being developed. 

Program Name            : Comparative Label 

Implementing Agency  : Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) 

Participation Category  : Voluntary/Mandatory 

Appliances Labelled      : 2004 – refrigerators and refrigerator freezers

                                     2006 - refrigerators and room air 

conditioners (voluntary) 

2007 - refrigerators (direct cool) 

2010 - refrigerators (frost free), tubular fluorescent lamps (TFL), room air conditioners and distribution

transformers (mandatory) 

2009 – agricultural pump sets, general purpose 3 phase motors, ceiling fans (voluntary) 

2010 – storage water heaters, clothes washers              (voluntary) fluorescent lamps(tubular) 

2011 – laptop computers (became mandatory in 2013) 

2012 – televisions, LED lighting, ballasts–electronic /               magnetic  (voluntary), CFLs 

2013 - Under review: LPG stoves 

2013 - Under development: set top boxes, voltage                   stabilisers uninterrupted power supply (UPS), i             inverters 

Rating System:  Energy Consumption, Efficiency Rating (grade) 1 to 5 stars (5 most efficient) 

Label Image Link: 

http://www.clasponline.org/en/RFPsPartnerships/RFPs/ClosedRFPs/2013/RFP3-13  

Program Information:

The impetus for the Standards and Labelling program in India came with the passage of the energy conservation bill in October 2001. The Bill allowed for the establishment of Bureau of Energy

Efficiency (BEE), which was completed in March 2002. India's Standards and Labelling program involves multiple cooperating organisations: MOP, BEE, Steering Committees, the Technical Committee, and the BIS. BEE develops the labels with input from the Steering and Technical Committees, the label is proposed to MOP, who is then responsible for the execution of the labelling

scheme. 

India’s labelling program was launched in 2006, initially with a voluntary comparative labelling scheme for refrigerators and air conditioners. The overall strategy was to begin labelling on a voluntary basis, then move to a mandatory approach for energy performance and test procedure standards. BEE's Star Labelling is now mandatory for four appliances, including frost-free refrigerators, room air conditioners, distribution transformers and tubular fluorescent lights (TFLs).

Endorsement Label – India

Program Name          : BEE Star Ver 1 

Implementing Agency: Central Pollution Control Board 

Participation Category:  Voluntary 

Appliances Labelled    : 2011 - notebook computers/laptops 

                                  2012 - LEDS (self ballasted) 

 Under consideration for development: central boilers and furnaces 

 Under development   : imaging machines 

Label Image Link: 

http://www.clasponline.org/en/Resources/Resources/SLHeadlines/BEE-launches-endorsement-labelsfor-computers

Program Information: 

An endorsement label was introduced for computers (notebook/laptop) in 2011. The label indicates to the consumer that the labelled products save energy compared to other notebooks/laptops. The BEE Star Label is in line with ENERGY STAR version 5.2 specifications for computers. Desktop computers and set top boxes are also under consideration for inclusion in the endorsement labelling 

scheme. Initially the label was affixed to the carton/box of the product, but following the introductory six months, it became compulsory for manufacturers to affix label to both the carton and the product itself. 

Endorsement Label - India 

Program Name            :  Ecomark Scheme 

Implementing Agency: Central Pollution Control Board Participation Category: Voluntary 

Appliances Labelled   :1996 - lamps, motors, ranges/ovens,refrigerators,televisions, water heaters

                            

2013 includes – paper products, wood particle board,wooden flush door shutters, domestic gas stoves 

Label Image Link: http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/ecomark-india  

Program Information: 

The Ecomark scheme was developed by the Indian Government in 1991, as a form of environmental label with wide product coverage. The ECO Mark scheme derives its power from the government notifications, which issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Central Pollution Control Board, which is under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, acts as a technical wing/consultant of

the Ministry. The ECO mark is awarded by the Bureau of Indian Standards, as per the requirements laid down in different national standards. These requirements are arrived and approved by the technical committee within in Central Pollution Control Board. 

The Central Pollution Board has been a member of the Global Eco-labelling Network (GEN) since 2000. Products that are eligible to receive the Ecomark as of 2013 include: soaps and detergents,paper, food items, lubricating oils, packaging materials, architectural paints and powder coatings, batteries, electrical/electronic goods, food additives, wood substitutes, cosmetics, aerosol propellants,plastic products, textiles, fire-extinguishers, leather. To date this label has had limited success in India with few manufacturers taking up the opportunity to use the scheme.